Precautions You Should Take Before Taking Zoloft

Precautions You Should Take Before Taking Zoloft Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Precautions You Should Take Before Taking Zoloft By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 16, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 05, 2019 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Verywell / JR Bee In This Article Table of Contents Expand Starting Zoloft Serious Side Effects Missing a Dose Overdose Stopping Zoloft View All Zoloft  (sertraline) belongs to a class of medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs. These medications work by increasing the level of available serotonin in the brain.?? Low levels of serotonin in the brain are linked to a depressed mood as well as other psychiatric symptoms. Besides major depressive disorder, Zoloft is also FDA-approved to treat the following psychiatric conditions:?? PTSDPanic disorder  OCDSocial anxiety disorderPremenstrual dysphoric disorder Learning how Zoloft works and what to watch out for when taking it can help you cope with your illness better and stick to your treatment plan. Starting Zoloft Its important that you dont expect immediate results when taking Zoloft. People typically notice some improvement within a week or two, but it may take several weeks until you feel the full effects of the drug. Also, when you start taking Zoloft, you may experience some side effects. The most common ones include nausea or upset stomach, diarrhea, sweating, tremor, or a decreased appetite. Sexual side effects may also occur, most notably delayed ejaculation and decreased libido.?? If any of these the side effects dont go away  or are giving you significant problems, be sure to contact your doctor. Sometimes simple remedies can ease the side effects of taking Zoloft like taking it at a different time of day or changing the dose. Other times, if the side effects are too bothersome, your doctor may recommend switching to a different SSRI or a different class of medication altogether. Common Side Effects Nausea Diarrhea Sweating Tremor Difficulty with ejaculation Decreased libido Decreased appetite Serious Side Effects Suicidal thoughts and behavior in children or young adults Serotonin syndrome Bleeding risk with blood thinners Mania or hypomania with bipolar disorder Low sodium levels Allergic reaction (rare) Risk in pregnancy of infant developing persistent pulmonary hypertension Serious Side Effects In addition to the common side effects mentioned above, there are some serious effects to be on the lookout for if you are taking Zoloft. Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior A black-box-warning refers to a serious notice made by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration about this medication. The black-box warning for Zoloft indicates it may cause or increase thoughts of suicide in children and young adults. Monitor your loved one, or yourself if youre in this age group, for any signs of such thoughts, and contact your doctor immediately if they occur. Serotonin Syndrome   Taking Zoloft may put you at risk for a rare, but possibly life-threatening condition called  serotonin syndrome. This risk is higher if a person is also taking other serotonin-related medications like triptans (a common migraine medication), tricyclic antidepressants, or the pain medication, Ultram (tramadol), but can occur with taking Zoloft alone, as well. Some of the signs and symptoms of this condition are agitation, confusion, a high heart rate, fluctuating blood pressure, rigid muscles and/or coordination problems, tremor, and gastrointestinal problems like diarrhea.??   To be proactive in avoiding this rare syndrome from occurring, be sure to tell your doctor all the medications you are taking, including any over-the-counter drugs or supplements.   Increased Risk of Bleeding There is an increased chance of bleeding when taking Zoloft along with medications that block platelets or medications that thin your blood. Examples include aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and Coumadin (warfarin).?? Please notify your doctor right away of any bleeding events like nosebleeds or increased bruising. Seek medical attention right away if you notice more serious bleeding events like blood in your stool.   Mania or Hypomania Zoloft can trigger a hypomanic or manic episode in a person with bipolar disorder.?? Remember to tell your doctor if you have ever been diagnosed or suspected of having bipolar disorder, or have a family history of it. Low Sodium Levels Low sodium levels in the bloodstream (called hyponatremia) may occur with Zoloft, in addition to other SSRIs. Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include:?? HeadacheProblems concentratingMemory difficultiesConfusionWeaknessUnsteadiness and potentially falling In more severe cases, hyponatremia can lead to seizures and other serious neurologic and medical issues. Allergic Reaction While not common, if you take Zoloft and develop signs or symptoms of an allergic reaction like rash, hives, swelling, or problems breathing, contact your doctor right away. Pregnancy Zoloft is a pregnancy category C medication, so inform your doctor if you become pregnant on Zoloft or are planning a pregnancy. Zoloft use in the third trimester may increase a babys chance of developing a rare condition known as persistent pulmonary hypertension which can cause breathing problems. In addition, third-trimester use of Zoloft may possibly cause neonatal withdrawal symptoms.?? However, some women may need to continue taking Zoloft during pregnancy because of the benefit of treating their illness outweighs the potential risks. Overall, this decision requires a careful and thoughtful discussion with both an obstetrician and mental health professional.   Missing a Dose Try to take your Zoloft at the same time every day. Setting a timer on your phone may be helpful so you dont forget. But if you do miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember, unless it is too close to your next dose. In other words, never take two doses of Zoloft at the same time. Simply take your next scheduled dose and then return to your usual schedule. Overdose Contact Poison Control and your doctor for their guidance if you overdose on Zoloft. The most common signs and symptoms associated with Zoloft overdose include sleepiness, vomiting, a fast heart rate, nausea, dizziness, agitation, and tremor.?? How to Tell If Someone Has Overdosed on Zoloft Stopping Zoloft Stopping sertraline may result in symptoms of withdrawal, also known as SSRI discontinuation syndrome.?? This is one reason why its important to not stop taking Zoloft on your own. If you and your doctor decide its best for you to stop Zoloft, he can provide you with a tapering strategy to minimize any withdrawal symptoms like irritability, increased anxiety, or flu-like symptoms. How to Taper Off Zoloft A Word From Verywell Before prescribing Zoloft, your doctor will perform a thorough medical history. Even so, its important for you to play an active role in your healthcare. In other words, inform your doctor of all the details of your health history, regardless of whether or not you think they are essential.   Overall, Zoloft is a generally well-tolerated and safe medication and has significantly helped many people cope with their psychiatric condition. You deserve to get well, and the good news is that if after trying Zoloft you find it doesnt help, there are lots of other options available.

How Do You Remove Salt From Water

Ive been asked How do you remove salt from water? enough times that I suspect finding the answer to the question is a common science assignment. So... how do you do it? You can boil or evaporate the water and the salt will be left behind as a solid. If you want to collect the water, you can use distillation. One way to do this at home would be to boil the saltwater in a pot with a lid. Offset the lid slightly so that the water that condenses on the inside of the lid will run down the side to be collected in a separate container. Congratulations! Youve just made distilled water. When all of the water has boiled off, the salt will remain in the pot. Evaporation works the same way, just at a slower rate. To evaporate water to obtain salt, place the salt water in a wide, shallow dish. This shape offers maximum exposed surface area, which aids evaporation. You can speed up the process by placing the dish in a warm, sunny window or by blowing a fan over it. If you place it outdoors, evaporation is quick on a warm, sunny, breezy day. It will be slower on a cloudy, cold, or humid day. Crystallizing salt from salt water doesnt leave behind pure water, although it does remove a lot of the salt. The remaining liquid will be a less-than-saturated solution.

Social Disparities And The Development Gender...

SOCIAL DISPARITIES AS AN OBSTACLE TO INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: GENDER INEQUALITY, ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF CANADA AND HEALTH. President Truman once said that international development is about relieving the suffering of people. It has for goal to make people’s lives better, especially focusing on the difficult lives of the population of developing countries, minorities, children, and women. It’s a multidisciplinary discipline , with multiple actors such as countries, NGOs and international organization like the United Nations. Unfortunately, international development is a hard and long process, and it has many obstacles along the way: A recurrent problem is social disparities. Social inequalities can be found everywhere, in every sphere of society, at a local and at an international level. First of all, gender inequality is an enormous challenge: 1.2 billion of people in the world are living in extreme poverty, and 70% of this number are women. The gap between women’s condition of living and men’s is undeniable. Moreover, some women suffer from a double burden: Being a minori ty and a woman. Indigenous population have, since the European colonization, being discriminated in many ways. We will focus on this paper on the discrimination over indigenous people and the double-burden of aboriginal women, then study the empirical case of health for indigenous women and how is this a development issue. We will first study how indigenous people and above all aboriginal womenShow MoreRelatedIndigenous Development in Canada1706 Words   |  7 Pages Before we analyse the data of the health indicators and data in Aboriginal communities, we must recognise the sheer diversity of the Aboriginal peoples in Canada - who are so dispersed across the nation. 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Factors Contributing to Christopher Columbus’ Voyage Free Essays

Christopher Columbus departed Spain on August 3, 1492 for his first voyage. He stopped at the Canary Islands for a final restocking and left there on September 6. He was in command of three ships known as the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Contributing to Christopher Columbus’ Voyage or any similar topic only for you Order Now On October 12, they first sighted land which turned out to be a small island in present-day Bahamas (Minster, 2012a). There are various factors which influenced Christopher Columbus to undertake this voyage. He had a personal interest and determination to find a faster more efficient route to the East Indies. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella financed his voyage because they were interested in material wealth and converts for Spain. The time period in which Columbus lived also had a great influence since the Renaissance period was a time of exploration and finding new meanings for existence. Christopher Columbus examined mostly southward voyages of the Portuguese into the Atlantic and Africa and thought that one could also sail westward and ultimately reach India. This belief was also influenced by accounts he read from the travel accounts of writer Marco Polo. Columbus may have conceived this idea of sailing west to reach Asia as early as 1481 in a correspondence which he sent to Italian Scholar, Paolo del Pozzo Toscaneli. Apart from proving his theory of traveling westward, Columbus also had a personal interest on the voyage. When King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella approved his voyage, Columbus would become viceroy of all the lands located and he would keep a tenth of all values found (â€Å"Thinkquest,† 2013). When Columbus sighted land, he believed he had reached the Asian islands as is evident in his self-promoted letter which he sent to the King and Queen of Spain. When Columbus developed his theory of sailing westward across the Atlantic in search of a shorter route to Asia, he first submitted his proposal in 1484 to John II, King of Portugal. He wanted the Portuguese to finance his expedition across the Atlantic. The King passed on the petition to the Royal Maritime Commission who rejected Columbus since other ships were already traveling to Africa (â€Å"Ucalgary,† 1997). Columbus then moved to Spain where he petitioned Queen Isabella. The Royal Commission first rejected his plan but he tried once more in 1492 when it was approved. Spain had its own interest in the voyage since it had a desire to spread Christianity and claim new land to expand its empire. They were also interested in the Northwest Passage which Columbus claimed since it would allow them to gather new sources of wealth such as spices, silk and gold. Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 which was the period of the Renaissance. It was a time marked by renewed interest in art, culture and exploration. As mentioned before, countries such as Spain and Portugal wanted to expand their empires and spread Christianity to new lands. This was the perfect period for Columbus to explore new lands since people began to chase secular pursuits and there was greater emphasis on human potential and human progress (Tammy, n. d. ). Knowledge became the key to understanding the world that surrounded human beings and Columbus’ voyage would directly help in increasing this thirst for knowledge. During this period there was increased trade and commercial activity, growth of cities and towns and the expansion of learning all aided in fueling Columbus desire to initiate his voyage. After landing on the island which he named San Salvador on his first voyage, Columbus sailed to other islands including Cuba and Hispaniola. Columbus returned to Spain in March of 1493 and although his first voyage was almost a failure, he lost his biggest ship and did not find the promised route to the west, the Spanish Monarchs were very intrigued with his discoveries. Spain financed three more voyages for him with the aim of establishing permanent colonies (Minster, 2012b). As can be seen there are various factors which contributed to Columbus’ voyage, including his personal interests, Spain’s interest of expanding its empire and religion and the time period in which his voyage took place. Today, Columbus is remembered for both the ‘good and the bad’ since he discovered the Americas but also opened the doors for exploitation, subjugation and slavery. How to cite Factors Contributing to Christopher Columbus’ Voyage, Papers

Youth Violence and Music Essay Example For Students

Youth Violence and Music Essay The prevailing opinion in the media is that listening to violent lyrics tends to lead to violence. This idea permeates nearly all media, news and entertainment. According to the conservative organization Empower America, the issue at heart is such music leading us on a slide toward decivilization (Bennet and Tucker, 1995). The idea being that by glorifying subjects like rape, murder, suicide and homophobia the fear of homosexuals and their lifestyle, these lyrics erode the judgement and thought capabilities of adolescents. In recent history, the popular solution to the problems of our society has been censorship the mandated editing or suppression of the music thought to be at fault. The Parents Music Resource Center PMRC, headed by Pamela Howar and including such big Washington names as Tipper Gore wife of Democratic Presidential Nominee Al Gore pushed for Motion Picture Association of America MPAA style ratings of music (Deflem, 1993). The PMRCs efforts resulted in the widely noticed Parental Advisory warnings. While the adults seem to agree, the youth, adolescents and artists alike, seem to take a different direction. The dominant point of view among younger audiences is that no one is responsible for teen violence but those who act out. But there is a second view. We are all equally guilty for the violent acts of youths (Manson, 1999). Such violent acts, while increasingly spoken about by news and entertainment media, the Centers for Disease Control report that violence in adolescents is down (Youth 2000). Given the perceived impact of violent lyrics, and the immense popularity and friction of this issue, it is surprising that little or no actual study has been done to back up any of these claims (Hogan et al, 1996). The ultimate goal of my research is to determine whether there is a real, causal connection between violent lyrical content in music and violent feelings in teens. However, given the monetary and temporal constraints, this ultimate goal will be broken into several steps. The first step, which is relevant to this class, will ask, Do teenagers habits affect their belief on this subject? The second will ask Do teenagers feel that lyrically violent music causes societal violence? This topic deals with two central things: Real world violence, and violence in music lyrics. Music lyrics, as a part of the vast media, are beholden to many of the same situations. However, if research on media violence such as violent video games, movies, and music lyrics is to be held credible, it must be done properly. There is, however some question as to whether the research is being done in a scientifically correct manner. David Gauntlett says that the effects model does research the wrong way round. Media effects research has quite consistently taken the wrong approach to the mass media, its audiences, and society in general (Gauntlett 1999). Video games players, for example, are often discussed as undiscriminating, brainless suckers by people who do not seem to have attempted to understand the meanings and the appeal of these games, and whose views are supported (if at all) by inadequate, contrived and predetermined research. Like the critics of TV and movie violence, they are guilty of looking at this perceived problem backwards by starting with the games and then trying to make links to actual crimes, rather than by starting with real criminals and seeing if they seem to have been centrally motivated or affected by video games (Gauntlett 1999). The backwards approach involves the mistake of looking at individuals, rather than society, in relation to the mass media. The narrowly individualistic approach of some psychologists leads them to argue that, because of their belief that particular individuals at certain times in specific circumstances may be negatively affected by one bit of media, the removal of such media from society would be a positive step. This approach is rather like arguing that the solution to the number of road traffic accidents in Britain would be to lock away one famously poor driver from Cornwall; that is, a blinkered approach which tackles a real problem from the wrong end, involves cosmetic rather than relevant changes, and fails to look in any way at the bigger picture (Gauntlett) 1999). So, Gauntlett says, .

Equianos Travels Essays - Olaudah Equiano, Slave Narrative

Equiano's Travels Equianos Travels Equianos Travels was a narrative written during the 1800s. The 1800s were a time highly in the movements of imperialism and abolition. Imperialism is The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations(www.atomica.com). Abolition is The act of doing away with or the state of being done away with(www.atomica.com). An example of this is the abolishment of slavery. In Equianos Travels there are many connections that can be made involving the 1800s in the time of abolition and imperialism. Equianos Travels is based on a real venture of a slave named Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa which was a name given to him by one of his masters. Olaudah Equiano was an African who was kidnapped from his village in Africa at the age of eleven. He was shipped through the Middle Passage of the Atlantic Ocean, and brought to the West Indies to be sold to a Virginia planter. Later he was bought by a British naval Officer, Captain Pascal, as a present for his cousins in London. After approximately ten years his life being enslaved all over the continent of North American, working with his merchant slave master and seas men, Equiano bought his freedom. When Equiano had reached the age of forty-four he wrote and published his autobiography, The Life of Olaudah Equiano, Written by Himself, which he entered at Stationers Hall, located in London, in 1789. Following, after a little over two centuries, his work is accepted as one of the first works written in English by a former slave. As well as the paradigm (www.babylon.com) of a slave narrative. Equiano recalled his childhood in an Igbo village formerly in northeast Nigeria. There he was embellished in the tradition of the greatest warriors. He is thought of as a unique figure in his remembrance of traditional African life before the coming of the slave trade that took place in Europe. During his life, he traveled through the Americas, Turkey, and the Mediterranean. He also was involved in a major war/battle during the French and Indian War (Seven Years War). Also he was involved in the northwest- passage search led by Phipps expedition of 1772-1773. Equiano took role in the British A bolishment Movement. As Equiano was a leading major voice in the movement, He petitioned the Queen of England in 1788. He was appointed to expedition to settle a poor black British colony on the west coast of Africa. However, Equiano didnt finish to his journey to his native African homeland. History

A History of Bow and Arrow Technology

A History of Bow and Arrow Technology Bow and arrow hunting (or archery) is a technology first developed by early modern humans in Africa, perhaps as long as 71,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence shows that the technology was certainly used by humans during the Howiesons Poort phase of Middle Stone Age Africa, between 37,000 and 65,000 years ago; recent evidence at South Africas Pinnacle Point cave tentatively pushes the initial use back to 71,000 years ago. However, there is no evidence that the bow and arrow technology was used by people who migrated out of Africa until the Late Upper Paleolithic or Terminal Pleistocene, at most 15,000-20,000 years ago. The oldest surviving organic elements of bows and arrows only date to the Early Holocene of about 11,000 years ago. Africa: Middle Stone Age, 71,000 years ago.Europe and Western Asia: Late Upper Paleolithic, although there are no UP rock art paintings of archers and the oldest arrow shafts date to the Early Holocene, 10,500 BP; the earliest bows in Europe are from the bog site of Stellmor in Germany, where 11,000 years ago someone lost a pine arrow shaft with nocks in the end.Japan / Northeast Asia: Terminal Pleistocene.North / South America: Terminal Pleistocene. Making a Bow and Arrow Set Based on modern-day San Bushmen bow-and-arrow manufacture, existing bows and arrows curated in South African museums as well as archaeological evidence for Sibudu Cave, Klasies River Cave, and Umhlatuzana Rockshelter in South Africa, Lombard and Haidle (2012) operationalized the basic process of making a bow and arrows. To make a bow and a set of arrows, the archer needs stone tools (scrapers, axes, woodworking adzes, hammerstones, tools for straightening and smoothing wooden shafts, flint for making fire), a container (ostrich eggshell in South Africa) for carrying water, ochre mixed with resin, pitch, or tree gum for adhesives, fire for blending and setting the adhesives, tree saplings, hardwood and reeds for the bow stave and arrow shafts, and animal sinew and plant fiber for binding material. The technology for making a bow stave is close to that of making a wooden spear (first made by Homo heidelbergensis more than 300,000 years ago); but the differences are that instead of straightening a wooden lance, the archer needs to bend the bow stave, string the bow, and treat the stave with adhesives and fat to prevent splitting and cracking. How Does It Compare to Other Hunting Technologies? From a modern standpoint, the bow and arrow technology  is definitely a leap forward from lance and atlatl (spear thrower) technology. Lance technology involves a long spear which is used to thrust at prey. An atlatl is a separate piece of bone, wood or ivory, that acts as a lever to increase the power and speed of a throw: arguably, a leather strap attached to the end of a lance spear might be a technology between the two. But bow and arrow technology has a number of technological advantages over lances and atlatls. Arrows are longer-range weapons, and the archer needs less space. To fire off an atlatl successfully, the hunter needs to stand in big open spaces and be highly visible to his/her prey; arrow hunters can hide behind bushes and shoot from a kneeling position. Atlatls and spears are limited in their repeatability: a hunter can carry one spear and maybe as many as three darts for an atlatl, but a quiver of arrows can include a dozen or more shots. To Adopt or Not to Adopt Archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests that these technologies were rarely mutually exclusive- groups combined spears and atlatls and bows and arrows with nets, harpoons, deadfall traps, mass-kill kites, and buffalo jumps, and many other strategies as well. People vary their hunting strategies based on the prey being sought, whether it is big and dangerous or wily and elusive or marine, terrestrial or airborne in nature. The adoption of new technologies can profoundly affect the way a society is constructed or behaves. Perhaps the most important difference is that lance and atlatl hunting are group events, collaborative processes that are successful only if they include a number of family and clan members. In contrast, bow and arrow hunting can be achieved with just one or two individuals. Groups hunt for the group; individuals for the individual families. That is a profound social change, affecting almost every aspect of life including who you marry, how big is your group, and how status is conveyed. One issue that might also have affected the adoption of the technology may be that bow and arrow hunting simply has a longer training period than atlatl hunting. Brigid Grund (2017) examined records from modern competitions for atlatl (Atlatl Association International Standard Accuracy Contest) and archery (Society for Creative Anachronism InterKingdom Archery Competition). She discovered an individuals atlatl scores increase steadily, showing improvement in skill within the first few years. Bow hunters, however, do not begin to approach maximum skill until the fourth or fifth year of competition. The Great Technology Shift There is much to be understood in the processes of how technology changed and indeed which technology came first. The earliest atlatl we have dates to the Upper Paleolithic, only 20,000 years ago: the South African evidence is quite clear that bow and arrow hunting is much older still. But archaeological evidence being what it is, we still dont really know the complete answer about the dates of hunting technologies and we may never have a better definition of when the inventions occurred than at least as early as. People adapt to technologies for reasons other than just because something is new or shiny. Every new technology is characterized by its own costs and benefits for the task at hand. Archaeologist Michael B. Schiffer referred to this as application space: that the level of adoption of a new technology depends on the number and variety of tasks that it could be used on, and which it is best suited to. Old technologies are rarely completely obsoleted, and the transition period can be very long indeed. Sources Angelbeck B, and Cameron I. 2014. The Faustian bargain of technological change: Evaluating the socioeconomic effects of the bow and arrow transition in the Coast Salish past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36:93-109.Bradfield J. 2012. Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows: analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia. Antiquity 86(334):1179-1191. Brown KS, Marean CW, Jacobs Z, Schoville BJ, Oestmo S, Fisher EC, Bernatchez J, Karkanas P, and Matthews T. 2012. An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491(7425):590-593.Callanan M. 2013. Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery. Antiquity 87(337):728-745.Coolidge FL, Haidle MN, Lombard M, and Wynn T. 2016. Bridging theory and bow hunting: human cognitive evolution and archaeology. Antiquity 90(349):219-228.Erlandson J, Watts J, and Jew N. 2014. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79(1):162-169. Grund BS. 2017. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119(1):104-119.Kennett DJ, Lambert PM, Johnson JR, and Culleton BJ. 2013. Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22(3):124-132.Lombard M, and Haidle MN. 2012. Thinking a Bow-and-arrow Set: Cognitive Implications of Middle Stone Age Bow and Stone-tipped Arrow Technology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22(02):237-264.Lombard M, and Phillipson L. 2010. Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antiquity 84(325):635–648.Whittaker JC. 2016. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. In: Iovita R, and Sano K, editors. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p 65-74.